Question 1
What does electronegativity measure?
The right answer is the one marked above.
The ability of a bonded atom to attract the bonding electrons towards itself. It differs from element to element, and the difference between two bonded atoms decides whether their bond is polar.
A neutral atom carries no total charge at all. The count of valence electrons is a separate fact, and the energy needed to break a bond is bond strength, which is not the same property.