Fruit without fertilisation
The process of fruit forming without fertilisation is called parthenocarpy.
Everything on the previous page said the ovary becomes a fruit because fertilisation happened. Parthenocarpy is the exception: the ovary develops into a fruit although no gametes ever fused.
How it is brought about
To make fruit form in this way, humans use artificial growth substances. The fruits that arise through this bear no seeds.
Examples — grapes, oranges, apples.
No fertilisation, no seed
The missing seeds are not a side effect to memorise separately — they follow directly. A seed is a fertilised ovule, so where there was no fertilisation there can be no seed. This is where seedless grapes come from.
And how the plant is propagated instead
A seedless variety cannot be grown from seed, for the obvious reason. Every seedless grape vine in the world is therefore propagated vegetatively — by cuttings, layering or grafting, from the start of this chapter.