Flower or no flower

Kingdom Plantae can be classified into two main groups, taking whether or not flowers are produced as the chief criterion.

Non-flowering plants

Plants that produce no flowers. These divide again into two groups on whether or not they produce seeds.

Flowering plants

Plants that produce flowers. These divide again into two groups on the number of seed leaves inside the seed.

The whole plant kingdom in one outline

The plant classification tree

Non-vascular plants — Bryophyta
- Liverworts — example: Marchantia
- Mosses — example: Pogonatum
Vascular plants — Tracheophyta
- Seedless plants
  - Lycophyta — example: Selaginella
  - Pterophyta — example: Nephrolepis (sword fern)
- Seed-bearing plants
  - Gymnospermae, naked seeds — example: Cycas
  - Angiosperms, covered seeds
    - Monocots — example: grasses
    - Dicots — example: mango, jackfruit

How to read the outline

Every split from top to bottom is one question: is there vascular tissue? Is there a seed? Is the seed covered? How many seed leaves? The next four pages answer those four questions.